Frederick Taylors Principles Of Scientific Management Theory

F. W. Taylor's Scientific Management Theory

Frederick Winslow Taylor (1856-1915) is the manful somebody raise of Scientific Management.

Scientific Management tries to increment productivity past times increasing efficiency together with payoff of the workers. It finds out the best method for performing each job. It selects employees past times using Scientific Selection Procedures. It provides Scientific Training together with Development to the employees. It believes inwards having a unopen co-operation betwixt management together with employees. It uses Division of Labour. It tries to hit maximum output past times fixing Performance Standards for each undertaking together with past times having a Differential Piece-Rate System for payment of wages.

Principles of Scientific Management

Techniques / Contributions / Principles of Scientific Management Theory :-

1. Performance Standards

F.W. Taylor constitute out that at that spot were no scientific performance standards. No i knew precisely how much piece of work a worker should exercise inwards i threescore minutes or inwards i day. The piece of work was fixed assuming dominion of pollex or the amount of piece of work done past times an average worker. Taylor introduced Time together with Motion Studies to educate performance standards. He fixed performance standards for time, cost, together with character of work, which Pb to uniformity of work. As a result, the efficiency of the workers could hold upward compared alongside each other.

2. Differential Piece Rate System

Taylor observed that workers did every bit piddling piece of work every bit possible. He felt that nether existing wage system, an efficient worker gained goose egg extra. So, Taylor used the differential slice (unit) charge per unit of measurement system.

Under differential slice charge per unit of measurement system, a measure output was start fixed. Then 2 wage rates were fixed every bit follows :-

Low wage charge per unit of measurement was fixed for those workers who did non hit the measure output.
Higher wage charge per unit of measurement was fixed for those workers who produced the measure output or who produced to a greater extent than than the measure output.

Differential piece-rate scheme tin give notice hold upward explained alongside next illustration :-

The measure output for a twenty-four threescore minutes menstruum is 10 units. The wage charge per unit of measurement for producing less than 10 units is $ v per unit, together with for producing 10 or to a greater extent than units is $ 8 per unit. If Mr. X produces seven units, together with Mr. Y produces 12 units, together with then their payoff volition hold upward every bit follows :-

Mr. X's wage is seven x v = $ 35

Mr. Y's wage is 12 x 8 = $ 96

Because of this system, the inefficient workers volition essay to amend their efficiency, together with the efficient workers volition hold upward motivated to hold or amend their production capacity.

3. Functional Foremanship

Taylor started "Functional Foremanship". Here, 8 foremen (lower degree managing director or supervisor) are required to supervise the workers. This is because i foremen cannot hold upward an skillful inwards all the functions.

Taylor's functional foremanship consists of 2 groups of supervisors :-

At the Planning Level or Office Level.
At the Doing Level or Factory Level.

(a) At the Planning Level :-

Taylor separated planning from doing. At the planning degree at that spot were iv supervisors. They are :-

Time together with Cost Clerk : This boss prepares the measure fourth dimension for completing the piece of work together with toll of doing that work.
Route Clerk : This boss makes the exact road (way) through which each production has to locomote from a raw-material to a finished product.
Discipline Clerk : This boss looks afterward the dependent together with absenteeism problems inwards the organisation.
Instruction Card Clerk : The boss gives instructions virtually how to exercise a item work.

(b) At the Doing Level :-

At the doing degree at that spot were also iv supervisors. They are :-

Gang Boss : He is responsible for setting upward the machines together with tools together with for straightaway supervision of workers.
Speed Boss : He is responsible for maintaining a proper speed of work.
Repair Boss : He is responsible for the repairs together with maintenance of machines.
Inspector Boss : He is responsible for maintaining the character of production.

4. Mental Revolution

Taylor introduced the concept of "Mental Revolution". He said that the management together with workers should own got a positive mental attitude towards each other. This volition number inwards unopen cooperation betwixt them. This volition increment productivity together with profits.

5. Time Study

Time written report agency to tape the fourth dimension taken for doing each part of a job. The total undertaking is start observed together with analysed. Then it is divided into dissimilar elements (parts). Later the fourth dimension taken for doing each part of the undertaking is recorded. This is done past times using a halt clock. Time written report helps the management to know precisely how much fourth dimension it volition own got to exercise a item job. This helps the management to educate the amount of piece of work to hold upward done past times each worker inwards i threescore minutes or inwards i day. That is, management tin give notice educate a measure output of piece of work for a for certain menstruum of time.

Taylor advised all managers to exercise fourth dimension study. This volition forestall the workers from passing time, working piece of cake together with doing less work. Time written report helps to increment the productivity of the organisation.

6. Fatigue together with Motion Study

Frank together with Lillian Gilbreth (Husband together with Wife) introduced fatigue together with displace studies. Fatigue together with displace studies unwrap out together with take away unnecessary together with wasteful movements piece doing the job.

According to the Gilbreths, fatigue (tiredness) together with displace (movements or actions) are interlinked. Every displace that is removed volition trim back fatigue. Using cameras, they studied workers (masons) doing mutual jobs similar bricklaying. They constitute that the workers exercise many wasted motions piece doing their work. This resulted inwards fatigue. So, the Gilbreths asked the workers to halt all unnecessary motions together with to exercise entirely the motions which were necessary for doing the job. They reduced the bricklayers' motions from xviii to 5. This also reduced the fatigue of the bricklayers. Therefore, productivity of workers increased.

7. Gantt Charts

Henry Gantt invented the Gantt chart. This nautical chart shows the planned piece of work together with the completed piece of work at each phase of production. It also shows the fourth dimension taken to exercise the work.

Gantt nautical chart is the the world for next 2 concepts :-

The Critical Path Method (CPM), and
The Program Evaluation Review Technique (PERT).