Difference betwixt primary in addition to secondary data
The divergence betwixt primary in addition to secondary information is every bit follows.
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Following points distinguish primary in addition to secondary data:
- Meaning, example, in addition to definition,
- Data's originality,
- Need of adjustment,
- Data sources,
- Type of data,
- Methods used to collect data,
- Obtained data's reliability,
- The fourth dimension consumed,
- Need of blogspot.com//search?q=essential-qualities-of-good-field">investigator,
- Cost effectiveness,
- When are the information collected?
- Capability to solve a problem,
- Suitability to encounter the requirement,
- Bias or personal prejudice,
- Who collects the data? And
- Precaution earlier using the data.
Now let's compare primary in addition to secondary information on the to a higher house 16 points.
1. Meaning, example, in addition to definition
Primary information are fresh (new) information collected for the start fourth dimension past times a researcher himself for a special purpose. It is a unique, first-hand in addition to qualitative information non published before. It is collected systematically from its house or source of root past times the researcher himself or his appointed agents. It is obtained initially every bit a termination of research efforts taken past times a researcher (and his team) alongside or therefore objective inwards mind. It helps to solve sure enough problems concerned alongside whatever domain of selection or sphere of interest. Once it is used upwards for whatever required purpose, its master copy grapheme is lost, in addition to it turns into secondary data.
One must Federal Reserve annotation that, fifty-fifty if the information is originally collected past times somebody else from its source for his study, but never used in addition to therefore the collected information is called primary data. However, i time used it turns into secondary data.
Imagine, you lot are visiting an unexplored cave to investigate in addition to after recording its infinitesimal details to publish, is an representative of primary information collection.
Wessel's Definition of primary data,
“Data originally collected inwards the physical care for of investigation are known every bit primary data.”
Secondary data, on the other hand, are information already collected past times others or somebody else in addition to after used past times a researcher (or investigator) to respond their questions inwards hand. Hence, it is every bit good called second-hand data. It is a ready-made, quantitative information obtained by in addition to large from dissimilar published sources similar companies' reports, statistics published past times government, etc. Here the required information is extracted from already known industrial plant of others (e.g. Published past times a champaign of study scholar or an organization, regime agency, etc.). It is readily available to a researcher at his desk or house of work.
Assume, you lot are preparing a brief written report on your country's population for which you lot receive got reference of the census published past times government, is an representative of secondary information collection.
Sir Wessel, defined secondary information inwards unproblematic words as,
“Data collected past times other persons are called secondary data.”
Another Definition of secondary information inwards words of M. M. Blair,
“Secondary information are those which are already inwards existence in addition to collected for or therefore other utilisation than the answering of the enquiry inwards hand.”
2. Data's originality
Primary information are collected past times a researcher (or investigator) at the house or source of its origin. These are master copy or unique information.
A researcher (or investigator) does the collection of secondary information from already existing industrial plant of others. These are neither originals nor unique information.
3. Need of adjustment
The primary information collection is done to attain or therefore fixed objective, in addition to obtained alongside or therefore focus inwards mind. Hence, it doesn't demand whatever prior adjustment earlier getting used to satisfy the utilisation of an inquiry.
Secondary information collected are genuinely the function of someone else done for or therefore other purposes. It is non focused to encounter the objective of the researcher. As a result, it needs to endure properly adjusted in addition to arranged earlier making its actual use. Only after proper adjustment, it tin give the sack endure accustomed to or therefore extend for achieving the aim of a researcher.
4. Data sources
Primary information are collected systematically through next activities:
- By conducting surveys,
- Taking in-depth interviews of respondents (These are individuals who give necessary information to the interviewer),
- Through experimentation,
- By direct observations,
- Ethnographic research (It primarily involves the study of an ethnic grouping of people in addition to their respective culture),
- Focus groups,
- Participatory research, etc.
The collection of secondary information is from internal in addition to external published sources.
Internal sources of secondary information are:
- Company's accounts,
- Sales figures,
- Reports in addition to records,
- Promotional campaigns' data,
- Customers' feedback,
- Cost information,
- blogspot.com//search?q=essential-qualities-of-good-field">Marketing activities, therefore on.
External sources of secondary information include:
- Data published past times country's central, province in addition to local governments,
- Data fifty-fifty published past times unusual governments,
- Publications released past times international organizations (like the IMF, WHO, ILO, UNO, WWF, etc.) in addition to their subsidiary bodies,
- Reports prepared past times diverse commissions in addition to other appointed committees,
- Results of research function published past times research institutions, universities, champaign of study scholars, economists, etc.,
- Books, newspapers, in addition to magazines,
- Reports in addition to journals of merchandise unions, industries, in addition to work concern associations,
- Information released past times a key bank, stock exchanges, etc.,
- Public libraries,
- Archives, Directories, Databases, in addition to Indexes,
- Old historical records,
- Online websites, blogs, in addition to forums.
Note: Sometimes, though rarely, fifty-fifty unpublished information nonetheless available inwards role records tin give the sack every bit good endure used for secondary data.
5. Type of data
Primary information render qualitative data. It agency it gives information on subjective quality-related features similar look, feel, taste, lightness, heaviness, etc., of whatever object or phenomenon nether research or inquiry.
On the contrary, secondary data, render quantitative data. In other words, it gives information most an object or lawsuit inwards a numerical, statistical in addition to tabulated cast similar inwards percentages, lists, tables, etc.
6. Methods used to collect data
Methods used to collect primary information are every bit follows:
- Observation, experimentation in addition to interview method,
- The direct personal investigation,
- The indirect oral-investigation,
- Information collected through schedules in addition to questionnaires (sets of questions) via enumerator's (a survey personnel involved inwards counting in addition to listing) method in addition to mailing method,
- Information obtained from correspondents or local sources,
- Some other kid methods:
- The analysis of the content,
- Consumer panels,
- Use of mechanical devices,
- Pantry audits,
- Distributor or shop audits,
- Projective Techniques (PT),
- Warranty cards, etc.
The top dog methods used to collect secondary information are:
- Desk research methods,
- Search on the Internet,
- Going through media generated past times consumers in addition to their groups, therefore on.
7. Obtained data's reliability
Primary information are to a greater extent than reliable than secondary data. It is because primary information are collected past times doing master copy research in addition to non through secondary sources that may champaign of study to or therefore errors or discrepancies in addition to may fifty-fifty comprise out-dated information.
Secondary information are less reliable than primary data. It is so, since, based on research function done past times others in addition to non past times the researcher himself. Here, verification of published information cannot endure ever confirmed accurately every bit all references used may non endure available or mentioned inwards detail.
8. The fourth dimension consumed
Reliability of primary information comes at the expense of fourth dimension it consumes. It is because its collection goes through the next steps:
- First, the researcher makes a sample (i.e. List of respondents to approach).
- Then he prepares a questionnaire (i.e. Containing a laid of questions to endure asked to respondents).
- Later, he appoints in addition to trains a squad of champaign interviewers who are supposed to interview the respondents.
- Finally, the researcher has to analyze the collected information past times interviewers in addition to pull a conclusion from it.
Accomplishment of the to a higher house physical care for is non a quick task, is a time-consuming one.
On the contrary, collection of secondary information consumes less fourth dimension compared to primary data. It is because secondary information collection is by in addition to large made without interviews every bit follows:
- Here, a researcher relies heavily on ready-made information in addition to collects it from internal in addition to external published sources (see the betoken no.4).
- He depends on already analyzed in addition to concluded information past times someone else to instruct an agreement of his champaign of study topic or research interest.
- He doesn't waste matter fourth dimension appointing champaign interviewers in addition to waiting for their data.
He saves his precious function hours, and, every bit a result, it takes him less fourth dimension to collect secondary data.
9. Need of investigator
Collection of primary information needs availability of trained researchers or investigators. Further, they every bit good demand to endure adequately supervised in addition to controlled.
If the availability of trained investigators in addition to terms involved inwards hiring them is a problem, in addition to therefore inwards such a case, secondary methods of information collection are recommended. Its information collection doesn't demand to hire them.
10. Cost effectiveness
Primary information collection needs the appointment of a squad that mainly comprises of researchers, champaign interviewers, information analysts, therefore on. Hiring of these experts in addition to other additional costs, demands to a greater extent than funds to endure allocated to consummate research function on time. For this reason, it is a costly affair.
The secondary information collection doesn't require the appointment of such a team. Here, since no experts hired, terms is minimized. As a result, it is really economical.
11. When are the information collected?
Collection of primary information starts when secondary information seems insufficient to solve problems associated alongside the research. The researcher start uses secondary data, if he finds that collected information from secondary sources, is inadequate, solely in addition to therefore decides to collect primary data.
The secondary information collection is the priority in addition to economical selection for most researchers to solve an identified work or respond objects of inquiry. Here, most information extraction is done in addition to if or therefore information is unavailable solely in addition to therefore a determination to deportment primary research is taken.
12. Capability to solve a problem
Primary information are fresh (new), master copy (unique), to a greater extent than accurate (almost correct), verified (confirmed), satisfies a requirement (as needed), up-to-date in addition to electrical current (latest). It gives the required information. For this reason, it is to a greater extent than capable of solving a problem.
Secondary data, on the other hand, may endure less accurate or riddled alongside errors or discrepancies, non straight related (inconsistent) in addition to fifty-fifty outdated (not latest). It gives solely supporting in addition to non the required information. As a result, it is less capable of solving a problem.
13. Suitability to encounter the requirement
Primary information are suitable to encounter the objects of research because these are collected using systematic methods.
Collection of secondary information may or may non fulfill the actual requirement of a researcher.
14. Bias or personal prejudice
There is a possibility of personal prejudice or bias creeping inwards spell collecting primary information because of the direct involvement of an investigator.
The possibility of prejudice is absent inwards secondary information because the information is non collected at start manus and, for this reason, is non subjected to whatever bias.
15. Who collects the data?
A researcher (an investigator) or his appointed agents collect the primary data.
Anyone, other than those who get together primary information collects secondary data.
16. Precaution earlier using the data
The primary information collection is done systematically past times a researcher himself or his agents every bit instructed alongside peachy care, requirement, planning, organisation in addition to followed past times verification of the obtained information. It is less probable that such a well-processed information is champaign of study to errors.
For this reason, no extra precautions are necessary spell using primary data.
On the other hand, secondary data, since collected past times others for dissimilar purposes may endure inconsistent (not every bit required), outdated, unverified, subjected to whatever errors or mistakes, etc. As a result, immense attention must endure taken spell i is considering using it. If used without precaution, it may receive got an adverse impact on the character of one's research in addition to behave upon its credibility to a peachy extent.
Conclusion
We tin give the sack conclude that whatever information rest data, whether termed every bit a primary or secondary. What classifies it from i or therefore other is the marker of detachment from its source in addition to how it is beingness collected (whether every bit first-hand or second-hand) in addition to used.
Any information instruct primary if it is start gathered past times collecting agency, in addition to the same information becomes secondary if it is used after past times the residuum of the world.
For example, information collected past times an election commission are primary for it, in addition to the same laid of information is secondary for all except it.
Thus, Secrist lucidly describes this every bit follows,
“The distinction betwixt primary in addition to secondary information is i of the degrees. Data primary inwards the hands of i political party may endure secondary inwards the hands of others.”
References (10)
References used in addition to suggested reading for deeper understanding:
- Research Methodology: Methods in addition to Techniques; past times C. R. Kothari.
- Research Methodology: Data Presentation; past times physician Y. K. Singh.
- Research Methodology: past times physician C. Rajendar Kumar.
- Research Methodology in addition to Statistical Analysis (for M. Com); past times S.C. Aggarwal in addition to S.K. Khurana.
- Statistics for Economics in addition to Indian economical development; For Class 11; past times T. R. Jain in addition to V. K. Ohri.
- Statistics for Economics; Class 11; past times physician D. P. Jain.
- International Business; 4th Edition; past times Les Dlabay, James Scott.
- Marketing Research: An Applied Orientation; 5th Edition; By Naresh K. Malhotra in addition to Satya Bhushan Dash.
- Marketing Research: Methodological Foundations; 10th Edition; past times Gilbert A. Churchill, Jr in addition to Dawn Iacobucci.
- Office Organization in addition to Management; 2nd Edition; past times S. P. Arora.
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